Linux commands form the backbone of managing and operating a Linux system. Here are some basic Linux commands that are essential for beginners:

File and Directory Commands
ls: Lists the contents of a directory.

sh

ls
ls -l # Detailed list with permissions, size, and modification date
ls -a # Includes hidden files
cd: Changes the current directory.

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cd /path/to/directory
cd .. # Move up one directory level
cd ~ # Move to the home directory
pwd: Prints the current working directory.

sh

pwd
mkdir: Creates a new directory.

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mkdir new_directory
rmdir: Removes an empty directory.

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rmdir directory_name
rm: Removes files or directories.

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rm file_name
rm -r directory_name # Recursively remove a directory and its contents
cp: Copies files or directories.

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cp source_file destination_file
cp -r source_directory destination_directory
mv: Moves or renames files or directories.

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mv old_name new_name
mv file_name /new/path/
touch: Creates an empty file or updates the timestamp of an existing file.

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touch new_file
File Viewing and Editing Commands
cat: Concatenates and displays the content of files.

sh

cat file_name
more: Views the content of a file one page at a time.

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more file_name
less: Similar to more, but allows backward movement in the file.

sh

less file_name
head: Displays the first few lines of a file.

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head file_name
head -n 20 file_name # Display the first 20 lines
tail: Displays the last few lines of a file.

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tail file_name
tail -n 20 file_name # Display the last 20 lines
nano/vim/gedit: Text editors for editing files directly from the command line.

sh

nano file_name
vim file_name
gedit file_name # GUI-based editor
System Information Commands
uname: Displays system information.

sh

uname -a
top: Displays running processes and system resource usage.

sh

top
df: Reports filesystem disk space usage.

sh

df
df -h # Human-readable format
du: Estimates file space usage.

sh

du
du -h # Human-readable format
free: Displays memory usage.

sh

free
free -h # Human-readable format
User Management Commands
whoami: Shows the current logged-in user.

sh

whoami
id: Displays user and group information.

sh

id
sudo: Executes commands with superuser privileges.

sh

sudo command
passwd: Changes the user password.

sh

passwd
Networking Commands
ping: Checks connectivity to a network host.

sh

ping hostname_or_ip
ifconfig: Configures network interfaces (deprecated, replaced by ip).

sh

ifconfig
ip: Shows/manages IP addresses and routing.

sh

ip addr
ip route
ssh: Connects to a remote machine via SSH.

sh

ssh user@hostname_or_ip
scp: Securely copies files between hosts.

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scp file user@remote_host:/path/to/destination